Contaminación por Pb, As y Cd, sobre aguas, suelos y cultivos, en la cuenca del río Moche, La Libertad, Perú 2022
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Date
2024
Authors
Esquivel Carbajal, Betty Natali
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Publisher
Universidad Nacional de Trujillo
Abstract
Este estudio se llevó a cabo en la Cuenca Media y Baja del Río Mocho, en La
Libertad-Perú, en el que se analizó la concentración de metales pesados Pb, As y Cd en las
aguas, terrenos agrícolas y cultivos de piña, yuca, maíz, caña de azúcar y palto. Se llevaron
a cabo dos monitoreos para la recolección de muestras: durante el periodo de estiaje - Abril
2022 y durante el periodo de avenida - Enero 2023. Para la toma de muestras se consideraron
seis estaciones; Puente desvío Huamachuco, Puente Casmiche, Puente Samne, Puente
Metálico (Shirán), Cerro Blanco y Puente Panamericana; se analizaron los parámetros de
temperatura del agua, temperatura del aire, pH, conductividad eléctrica, Humedad Relativa;
utilizando para ello el equipo multiparámetro Test Tech KT-5510. Para el análisis Físico-
Químico se tomaron muestras en frascos estériles de polietileno, preservadas con ácido
nítrico y trasladadas al laboratorio de referencia para determinar la concentración de los
metales pesados Pb, As y Cd, mediante el procedimiento EPA metahod 2008. Respecto a
las muestras de suelos, estas fueron tomadas de la capa superficial de acuerdo al método
aleatorio de muestreo zigzag a 20cm de profundidad. Las muestras de cultivos fueron
colectadas en bolsas plásticas estériles de cada estación y luego se generó una muestra
compuesta de las mismas de todas las estaciones de un solo cultivo para su posterior análisis
de laboratorio. Finalmente, se examinaron los hallazgos del laboratorio, determinando que
en las muestras de agua se presentan elevados niveles de As y Cd; en las muestras de terreno
agrícola, los metales pesados exceden los límites máximos permitidos, a excepción de las
estaciones de Puente Casmiche y Cerro Blanco; y en los cultivos, los metales pesados Pb,
As y Cd no exceden los límites máximos tolerables. Se compararon las concentraciones de
metales pesados con los ECAs: DS-004-2017-MINAM, DS-011-2017-MINAM y DS-007-
98-SA, correspondientes a aguas, suelos y cultivos.
This study was conducted in the Middle and Lower Basin of the Mocho River, in La Libertad-Peru, where the concentration of heavy metals Pb, As, and Cd was analyzed in the waters, agricultural lands, and crops of pineapple, cassava, corn, sugarcane, and avocado. Two monitoring periods were carried out for sample collection: during the dry season - April 2022, and during the flood season - January 2023. Six stations were considered for sample collection: Puente desvío Huamachuco, Puente Casmiche, Puente Samne, Puente Metálico (Shirán), Cerro Blanco, and Puente Panamericana. The parameters analyzed were water temperature, air temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and relative humidity; these were measured using the Test Tech KT-5510 multiparameter equipment. For the physicochemical analysis, samples were taken in sterile polyethylene bottles, preserved with nitric acid, and transported to the reference laboratory to determine the concentration of heavy metals Pb, As, and Cd using the EPA method 2008 procedure. Regarding soil samples, these were taken from the surface layer following the random zigzag sampling method at a depth of 20 cm. Crop samples were collected in sterile plastic bags from each station, and a composite sample was generated for each crop from all stations for subsequent laboratory analysis. Finally, the laboratory findings were examined, determining that the water samples showed elevated levels of As and Cd; in the agricultural soil samples, heavy metals exceeded the maximum permissible limits, except for the stations of Puente Casmiche and Cerro Blanco; and in the crop samples, heavy metals Pb, As, and Cd did not exceed the maximum tolerable limits. The concentrations of heavy metals were compared to the Environmental Quality Standards: DS-004-2017-MINAM, DS-011-2017-MINAM, and DS-007-98-SA, corresponding to water, soil, and crops.
This study was conducted in the Middle and Lower Basin of the Mocho River, in La Libertad-Peru, where the concentration of heavy metals Pb, As, and Cd was analyzed in the waters, agricultural lands, and crops of pineapple, cassava, corn, sugarcane, and avocado. Two monitoring periods were carried out for sample collection: during the dry season - April 2022, and during the flood season - January 2023. Six stations were considered for sample collection: Puente desvío Huamachuco, Puente Casmiche, Puente Samne, Puente Metálico (Shirán), Cerro Blanco, and Puente Panamericana. The parameters analyzed were water temperature, air temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and relative humidity; these were measured using the Test Tech KT-5510 multiparameter equipment. For the physicochemical analysis, samples were taken in sterile polyethylene bottles, preserved with nitric acid, and transported to the reference laboratory to determine the concentration of heavy metals Pb, As, and Cd using the EPA method 2008 procedure. Regarding soil samples, these were taken from the surface layer following the random zigzag sampling method at a depth of 20 cm. Crop samples were collected in sterile plastic bags from each station, and a composite sample was generated for each crop from all stations for subsequent laboratory analysis. Finally, the laboratory findings were examined, determining that the water samples showed elevated levels of As and Cd; in the agricultural soil samples, heavy metals exceeded the maximum permissible limits, except for the stations of Puente Casmiche and Cerro Blanco; and in the crop samples, heavy metals Pb, As, and Cd did not exceed the maximum tolerable limits. The concentrations of heavy metals were compared to the Environmental Quality Standards: DS-004-2017-MINAM, DS-011-2017-MINAM, and DS-007-98-SA, corresponding to water, soil, and crops.
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