Factores de riesgo relacionados con la prevalencia de leishmaniasis en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Apoyo San Francisco del Distrito de Ayna, Provincia La Mar, departamento de Ayacucho; durante el año 2022 a 2023
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Date
2025
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Universidad Nacional de Trujillo
Abstract
El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los Factores de riesgo relacionados con la prevalencia de leishmaniasis en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Apoyo San Francisco del Distrito de Ayna, Provincia La Mar, departamento de Ayacucho; durante el año 2022 a 2023. Se incluyeron aquellos pacientes que tuvieron un diagnóstico de leishmaniasis, fueron excluidos quienes no completaron la evaluación clínica o pacientes que no tuvieron el diagnostico de leishmaniasis. Se desarrolló un estudio observacional, transversal y analítico con una muestra de 157 pacientes atendidos con diagnóstico de leishmaniasis. Se analizaron variables como lugar de residencia, ocupación, edad, sexo, nivel educativo, tipo de vivienda y antecedentes de migración a zona con presencia del vector. Para establecer asociaciones entre los factores de riesgo y la prevalencia de la enfermedad, se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas, incluyendo la correlación de Pearson y el test de Chi-cuadrado. Los resultados evidenciaron relaciones significativas entre diversos factores sociodemográficos y ambientales que influyen de manera significativa en la prevalencia de la leishmaniasis: Se identificó una asociación significativa de infección del género masculino (OR = 2.375, p = 0.017), lo cual se relaciona con la exposición laboral en actividades agrícolas. Se observó que los pacientes que vivían en zonas rurales presentaron un mayor riesgo de infección en comparación con aquellos que residían en zonas urbanas (OR = 2.229, p = 0.031), enconcordancia con estudios realizadas que relacionan la pobreza, el trabajo rural y el bajo acceso a servicios básicos.
También de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos las personas de ocupación agricultor fue el grupo que presentaron una prevalencia de leishmaniasis más alta con 77 casos (66.3%, p = 0.034), por su constantes exposición a zonas endémicas. Los pacientes que habitaban en viviendas de madera mostraron un riesgo considerablemente mayor de contraer la enfermedad (66.1%, p <0.05) lo que sugirió una conexión entre las condiciones precarias de la vivienda y la presencia del vector. El grupo etario de 21 a 40 años presentó la mayor prevalencia (78.6%, r=0.047, p<0.059) posiblemente debido a la actividad laboral en zonas endémicas. Asimismo se identificó una correlación significativa entre el nivel educativo y el diagnóstico que es significativa (p=0.015), lo que sugiere que un bajo nivel educativo podría estar asociado con una mayor probabilidad de diagnóstico. Por otro lado, la migración hacia lugares endémicas se relacionó positivamente con la enfermedad siendo (r= 0.184, p = 0.021). De la misma manera habitar cerca de lugares endémicos y deforestadas también fue un factor de riesgo significativo (p = 0.025). Por otra parte, se halló una correlación negativa entre la migración y la enfermedad (r = -0.279, p = 0.002), lo que indicó que los pacientes que se trasladaron a otras zonas presentaron un menor riesgo de infección. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la hipótesis planteada del estudio, dando de conocer que los factores sociodemográficos como el (sexo, edad, ocupación, nivel educativo) y ambientales (tipo de vivienda,zonas de residencia, migración y deforestación) presentaron una relación significativa con la prevalencia de la leishmaniasis en la región de Ayacucho.
The study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the prevalence of leishmaniasis in patients treated at the San Francisco Support Hospital in the Ayna District, La Mar Province, Ayacucho Department, during the period 2022 to 2023. Patients diagnosed with leishmaniasis were included; those who did not complete the clinical evaluation or those without a diagnosis of leishmaniasis were excluded. An observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted with a sample of 157 patients treated with a diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Variables such as place of residence, occupation, age, sex, educational level, type of housing, and history of migration to areas with the vector were analyzed. Statistical tests, including Pearson's correlation and the chi-square test, were applied to establish associations between risk factors and disease prevalence. The results showed significant relationships between various sociodemographic and environmental factors that significantly influence the prevalence of leishmaniasis: A significant association of male gender infection was identified (OR = 2.375, p = 0.017), which is related to occupational exposure in agricultural activities. It was observed that patients living in rural areas had a higher risk of infection compared to those residing in urban areas (OR = 2.229, p = 0.031), in This is consistent with studies linking poverty, rural work, and poor access to basic services. Also according to the results obtained, farmers were the group with the highest prevalence of leishmaniasis, with 77 cases (66.3%, p = 0.034), due to their constant exposure to endemic areas. Patients living in wooden houses showed a considerably higher risk of contracting the disease (66.1%, p < 0.05), suggesting a connection between precarious housing conditions and the presence of the vector. The 21-40 age group had the highest prevalence (78.6%, r = 0.047, p < 0.059), possibly due to work activity in endemic areas. A significant correlation was also identified between educational level and diagnosis (p = 0.015), suggesting that a low educational level could be associated with a higher likelihood of diagnosis. On the other hand, migration to endemic areas was positively related to the disease (r=0.184, p=0.021). Similarly, living near endemic and deforested areas was also a significant risk factor (p=0.025). Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between migration and the disease (r=-0.279, p=0.002), indicating that Patients who moved to other areas had a lower risk of infection. These findings reinforce the study's hypothesis, revealing that sociodemographic factors (sex, age, occupation, educational level) and environmental factors (type of housing, areas of residence, migration, and deforestation) were significantly associated with the prevalence of leishmaniasis in the Ayacucho region.
The study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the prevalence of leishmaniasis in patients treated at the San Francisco Support Hospital in the Ayna District, La Mar Province, Ayacucho Department, during the period 2022 to 2023. Patients diagnosed with leishmaniasis were included; those who did not complete the clinical evaluation or those without a diagnosis of leishmaniasis were excluded. An observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted with a sample of 157 patients treated with a diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Variables such as place of residence, occupation, age, sex, educational level, type of housing, and history of migration to areas with the vector were analyzed. Statistical tests, including Pearson's correlation and the chi-square test, were applied to establish associations between risk factors and disease prevalence. The results showed significant relationships between various sociodemographic and environmental factors that significantly influence the prevalence of leishmaniasis: A significant association of male gender infection was identified (OR = 2.375, p = 0.017), which is related to occupational exposure in agricultural activities. It was observed that patients living in rural areas had a higher risk of infection compared to those residing in urban areas (OR = 2.229, p = 0.031), in This is consistent with studies linking poverty, rural work, and poor access to basic services. Also according to the results obtained, farmers were the group with the highest prevalence of leishmaniasis, with 77 cases (66.3%, p = 0.034), due to their constant exposure to endemic areas. Patients living in wooden houses showed a considerably higher risk of contracting the disease (66.1%, p < 0.05), suggesting a connection between precarious housing conditions and the presence of the vector. The 21-40 age group had the highest prevalence (78.6%, r = 0.047, p < 0.059), possibly due to work activity in endemic areas. A significant correlation was also identified between educational level and diagnosis (p = 0.015), suggesting that a low educational level could be associated with a higher likelihood of diagnosis. On the other hand, migration to endemic areas was positively related to the disease (r=0.184, p=0.021). Similarly, living near endemic and deforested areas was also a significant risk factor (p=0.025). Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between migration and the disease (r=-0.279, p=0.002), indicating that Patients who moved to other areas had a lower risk of infection. These findings reinforce the study's hypothesis, revealing that sociodemographic factors (sex, age, occupation, educational level) and environmental factors (type of housing, areas of residence, migration, and deforestation) were significantly associated with the prevalence of leishmaniasis in the Ayacucho region.
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Keywords
Prevalencia, factores de riesgo, leishmaniasis, historia clínica epidemiológica