El Oncenio de Leguía
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Date
2024
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Universidad Nacional de Trujillo
Abstract
El Oncenio de Leguía fue un largo periodo histórico que mantuvo en el poder a Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo. Este político y hábil hombre de negocios logró la simpatía de indígenas, campesinos, obreros y profesionales. Parecía capaz de integrar a todos los sectores sociales en la política nacional, algo que el partido Civil conformado por un reducido grupo de oligarcas no había conseguido. En el año 1919 y pese a su inminente victoria en las elecciones, dio un golpe de estado y se hizo con el poder. Cuando fue reconocido como presidente constitucional, inició un largo periodo de poder, persecuciones políticas, asaltos a medios de prensa, pérdidas territoriales y millonarios empréstitos. Durante su gobierno muchos políticos de oposición y líderes estudiantiles fueron perseguidos, encarcelados o enviados al extranjero. Los familiares de los encarcelados presentaban recursos de Habeas Corpus y la Corte suprema fallaba a su favor. Sin embargo, el presidente hacía caso omiso a las disposiciones del máximo tribunal de justicia en el país. En su afán de atraer capital extranjero y poder sostener su gobierno, quiso modernizar Lima. Se usó como excusa las próximas celebraciones del Centenario de la Independencia del Perú. Para esto, recurrió en múltiples ocasiones a bancos estadounidenses, los cuales a cambio de sus préstamos consiguieron exoneración de impuestos, concesiones e incluso participación en la política del país. Leguía fue uno de los presidentes más entreguistas, pues en su gobierno se firmaron dos tratados que significaron por un lado la pérdida de Arica y por otro la pérdida de territorio en la frontera con Colombia. Finalmente, factores como la gran deuda externa, la falta de cambios socioeconómicos reales y el crack del 29 contribuyeron a su caída del poder en el año 1930. No obstante, sus decisiones y hechos han dejado consecuencias perdurables para todo el país.
The Oncenio of Leguía was a long historical period that kept Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo in power. This politician and clever businessman won the sympathy of indigenous people, peasants, workers and professionals. He seemed capable of integrating all social sectors into national politics, something that the Civil Party, made up of a small group of oligarchs, had not achieved. In 1919, despite his imminent victory in the elections, he came to power following a coup d'état. When he was recognized as constitutional president, he began a long period of power, political persecutions, assaults on the media, territorial losses and millionaire loans. During his government, many opposition politicians and student leaders were persecuted, imprisoned or sent abroad. Relatives of those imprisoned filed habeas corpus proceedings and the Supreme Court ruled in their favor. However, the president was ignoring the rulings of the country's highest court. In his eagerness to attract foreign capital and sustain his government, he wanted to modernize Lima. The forthcoming celebrations of the centenary of national independence were used as an excuse. To do this, he turned on multiple occasions to U.S. banks, which in exchange for his loans obtained tax exemptions, concessions and even participation in the country's politics Leguía was one of the most surrendering presidents, since in his government two treaties were signed that meant, on the one hand, the loss of Arica and on the other, the loss of territory on the border with Colombia. Finally, factors such as the large foreign debt, the lack of real socioeconomic changes, and the crash of 1929 contributed to his fall from power in 1930. Nonetheless, his decisions and deeds have left lasting consequences for the entire country.
The Oncenio of Leguía was a long historical period that kept Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo in power. This politician and clever businessman won the sympathy of indigenous people, peasants, workers and professionals. He seemed capable of integrating all social sectors into national politics, something that the Civil Party, made up of a small group of oligarchs, had not achieved. In 1919, despite his imminent victory in the elections, he came to power following a coup d'état. When he was recognized as constitutional president, he began a long period of power, political persecutions, assaults on the media, territorial losses and millionaire loans. During his government, many opposition politicians and student leaders were persecuted, imprisoned or sent abroad. Relatives of those imprisoned filed habeas corpus proceedings and the Supreme Court ruled in their favor. However, the president was ignoring the rulings of the country's highest court. In his eagerness to attract foreign capital and sustain his government, he wanted to modernize Lima. The forthcoming celebrations of the centenary of national independence were used as an excuse. To do this, he turned on multiple occasions to U.S. banks, which in exchange for his loans obtained tax exemptions, concessions and even participation in the country's politics Leguía was one of the most surrendering presidents, since in his government two treaties were signed that meant, on the one hand, the loss of Arica and on the other, the loss of territory on the border with Colombia. Finally, factors such as the large foreign debt, the lack of real socioeconomic changes, and the crash of 1929 contributed to his fall from power in 1930. Nonetheless, his decisions and deeds have left lasting consequences for the entire country.
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Keywords
Educación, Historia, Perú, Ciencias sociales, Dictadura, Corrupción política, Derechos civiles