Eficiencia de biodegradación de materia orgánica de aguas de pozas de estabilización en Cajamarca - Perú, utilizando un biofiltro microbiano de laboratorio
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Date
2024
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Universidad Nacional de Trujillo
Abstract
La biodegradación es un proceso ecológico clave en el tratamiento de aguas residuales, donde microorganismos descomponen compuestos orgánicos complejos, mejorando la calidad del agua. Este estudio evaluó la eficiencia de un biofiltro microbiano diseñado y construido con materiales de bajo costo para tratar aguas residuales en pozas de estabilización en Cajamarca, Perú. La relevancia de esta investigación radica en el desarrollo de soluciones accesibles y económicas para áreas rurales con infraestructura limitada, como Cajamarca, donde la falta de saneamiento adecuado afecta la salud pública y el entorno natural. En el biofiltro, las biopelículas de microorganismos como Pseudomonas, Bacillus y Acinetobacter, reconocidos por su capacidad para degradar compuestos orgánicos, realizaron la biodegradación en condiciones controladas de laboratorio, realizándose durante 15 días de tratamiento con recirculaciones cada cuatro horas, el biofiltro logró reducir la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO) en un 56.88%, de 63.1 mg/L a 27.21 mg/L, y disminuyó los coliformes termotolerantes en un 96.17%. No obstante, se observó un aumento en la conductividad eléctrica del agua, sugiriendo la posible formación de sales disueltas durante el proceso. Los resultados confirman la viabilidad del biofiltro como una alternativa eficaz y de bajo mantenimiento para mejorar la calidad del agua residual en áreas rurales, proporcionando una solución sostenible ante las limitaciones tecnológicas y económicas. En conclusión, el biofiltro microbiano demostró una alta eficiencia en la remoción de contaminantes, presentándose como una opción práctica para optimizar el tratamiento de aguas residuales en zonas rurales.
Biodegradation is a key ecological process in wastewater treatment, where microorganisms decompose complex organic compounds, improving water quality. This study evaluated the efficiency of a microbial biofilter designed and constructed with low-cost materials to treat wastewater in stabilization ponds in Cajamarca, Peru. The relevance of this research lies in the development of accessible and economical solutions for rural areas with limited infrastructure, such as Cajamarca, where the lack of adequate sanitation affects public health and the natural environment. In the biofilter, biofilms of microorganisms such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acinetobacter, recognized for their ability to degrade organic compounds, carried out biodegradation under controlled laboratory conditions, carried out for 15 days of treatment with recirculations every four hours, the biofilter managed to reduce the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 56.88%, from 63.1 mg/L to 27.21 mg/L, and thermotolerant coliforms decreased by 96.17%. However, an increase in the electrical conductivity of the water was observed, suggesting the possible formation of dissolved salts during the process. The results confirm the viability of the biofilter as an effective and low-maintenance alternative to improve the quality of wastewater in rural areas, providing a sustainable solution to technological and economic limitations. In conclusion, the microbial biofilter demonstrated high efficiency in removing contaminants, presenting itself as a practical option to optimize wastewater treatment in rural areas.
Biodegradation is a key ecological process in wastewater treatment, where microorganisms decompose complex organic compounds, improving water quality. This study evaluated the efficiency of a microbial biofilter designed and constructed with low-cost materials to treat wastewater in stabilization ponds in Cajamarca, Peru. The relevance of this research lies in the development of accessible and economical solutions for rural areas with limited infrastructure, such as Cajamarca, where the lack of adequate sanitation affects public health and the natural environment. In the biofilter, biofilms of microorganisms such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acinetobacter, recognized for their ability to degrade organic compounds, carried out biodegradation under controlled laboratory conditions, carried out for 15 days of treatment with recirculations every four hours, the biofilter managed to reduce the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 56.88%, from 63.1 mg/L to 27.21 mg/L, and thermotolerant coliforms decreased by 96.17%. However, an increase in the electrical conductivity of the water was observed, suggesting the possible formation of dissolved salts during the process. The results confirm the viability of the biofilter as an effective and low-maintenance alternative to improve the quality of wastewater in rural areas, providing a sustainable solution to technological and economic limitations. In conclusion, the microbial biofilter demonstrated high efficiency in removing contaminants, presenting itself as a practical option to optimize wastewater treatment in rural areas.
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