Diversidad y distribución de la supersección Tacsonia del género Passiflora L. en el Perú
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2021
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidad Nacional de Trujillo
Abstract
El género Passiflora L. con cerca de 610 especies es económicamente el más importante de la familia Passifloraceae por su uso alimenticio, medicinal y ornamental. Colombia, Brasil y Perú son los países con mayor diversidad de especies, distribuidas desde las zonas costeras hasta las montañas andinas en los límites de páramos y punas a 4.100 m. En los Andes tropicales desde Bolivia a Venezuela se distribuye exclusivamente la supersección Tacsonia (subgénero Passiflora) con 65 especies inventariadas y con un alto potencial. Los andes peruanos es una de las principales zonas de distribución y riqueza de especies de Tacsonia, caracterizadas en su mayoría por poseer frutos comestibles y flores péndulas con hipantio que pueden alcanzar hasta 14 cm de longitud. A pesar de esto, las especies han sido poco estudiadas y documentadas, mientras que las alteraciones de sus hábitats están siendo degradas y poniendo en riesgo la desaparición de este recurso biológico. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la diversidad, distribución y el estatus de conservación de la supersección Tacsonia del género Passiflora L. en el Perú por medio de información de herbario, literatura y de campo. El estatus de conservación para cada especie fue establecido siguiendo los criterios y categorías de la IUCN con la ayuda de la plataforma GeoCAT. La distribución geográfica y modelación climática (Bioclima) fue sometida a análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y de clasificación (neighbour joining) con la ayuda del programa DivaGIS. Los resultados del inventario con 1.237 registros permitieron identificar 24 especies en siete secciones (Boliviana, Trifoliata, x Inkea, Insignes, Manicata, Tacsonia y Elkea) para el Perú, representado el 37% de la diversidad total de Tacsonia, las cuales están distribuidas en 19 departamentos entre los 1.500 a 4.100 msnm.
Asimismo, 12 especies presentan una distribución exclusiva para el territorio peruano y pueden ser consideradas endémicas como P. amazonica, P. weigendii, P. peduncularis, P. salpoense, P. kuethiana, P. runa, P. trifoliata, P. nastomosans, P. huamachucoensis, P. parvifolia, P. lanceolata y P. weberbaueri. Por otro lado, la mayor riqueza de especies se concentra en los departamentos del Cusco (14 spp.), Junín (11 spp.), La Libertad y Amazonas (10 spp.), y el 83% de las especies se distribuyen entre 2.500 a los 3.500 msnm. El 25% de las especies son usadas como recurso alimenticio y se destacan P. tripartita y P. tarminiana comúnmente llamadas tumbos. Los otros usos etnobotánicos esta relacionados como planta medicinal (17%) en infusiones de sus hojas y ornamental por el color llamativo de sus flores (17%). El estatus de conservación mostro que el 100% de las especies tienen algún grado de amenaza con un 8% Vulnerable (VU), 71% En Peligro (EN) y 21% En Peligro Crítico (CR). El análisis bioclimático estableció que la temperatura y la precipitación promedio es de 831 mm/año y 12,3 ºC son los parámetros preferenciales para las especies de
Tacsonia. Las especies P. amazónica, P. huamachucoensis y P. trifoliata presentan una mayor disimilaridad con los rangos climáticos atípicos de acuerdo con el análisis de clasificación y ACP. La modelación de la distribución potencial con el Bioclima permitió establecer tres zonas ultra diversas en los departamentos de Amazonas, La Libertad, Cajamarca, Huánuco, Pasco, Junín, Huancavelica y Cusco, con un rango de probabilidad de ocurrencia entre 8 a 13 especies. El Perú es el segundo país con mayor riqueza de especies de Tacsonia y por el grado de amenaza son urgentes estrategias de conservación in situ en áreas protegidas y ex situ en colecciones institucionales en bancos de germoplasma para que esta riqueza biológica pueda ser mantenida para las futuras generaciones. Adicionalmente, un mayor conocimiento, uso y promoción de estos recursos genéticos permitirán un mejor desarrollo económico de las comunidades la región Andina y del país.
The genus Passiflora L. with about 610 species is economically the most important of the Passifloraceae family for its food, medicinal and ornamental use. Colombia, Brazil, and Peru are the countries with the greatest diversity of species, distributed from the coastal areas to the Andean mountains at the limits of páramos and punas at 4,100 m a.s.l. In the tropical Andes from Bolivia to Venezuela the supersection Tacsonia (subgenus Passiflora) is exclusively distributed with 65 inventoried species and with high potential. The Peruvian Andes are one of the main areas of distribution and richness of Tacsonia species, mostly characterized by having edible fruits and pendulous flowers with hypanthia that can reach up to 14 cm in length. Despite this, the species have been little studied and documented, while the alterations to their habitats are being degraded and putting the disappearance of this biological resource at risk. The goal of this research was to study the diversity, distribution and conservation status of the supersection Tacsonia of the genus Passiflora in Peru through herbarium, literature and field information. The conservation status for each species was established following the IUCN criteria and categories with the help of the GeoCAT platform. The geographic distribution and climate modeling (Bioclim) were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and classification (neighbour joining) with the help of the DivaGIS software. The results of the inventory with 1,237 records allowed the identification of 24 species belonging seven sections (Boliviana, Trifoliata, x Inkea, Insignes, Manicata, Tacsonia and Elkea) to Peru, representing 37% of the total diversity of Tacsonia, which are distributed in 19 departments between 1,500 to 4,100 m a.s.l. Likewise, 12 species have an exclusive distribution for the Peruvian territory and can be considered endemic, such as P. amazonica, P. weigendii, P. peduncularis, P. salpoense, P. kuethiana, P. runa, P. trifoliata, P. anastomosans, P. huamachucoensis, P. parvifolia, P. lanceolata y P. weberbaueri. On the other hand, the greatest richness of species is concentrated in the departments of Cusco (14 spp.), Junín (11 spp.), La Libertad and Amazonas (10 spp.), and 83% of the species are distributed between 2,500 and 3,500 m a.s.l. In addition, 25% of the species are used as a food resource and P. tripartita and P. tarminiana commonly called tumbos stand out. The other ethnobotanical uses are related as a medicinal plant (17%) in infusions of its leaves and ornamental for the striking color of its flowers (17%). The conservation status showed that 100% of the species have some degree of threat with 8% Vulnerable (VU), 71% Endangered (EN) and 21% Critically Endangered (CR). The bioclimatic analysis established that the average temperature and precipitation of 831 mm/year and 12.3 ºC are the preferential parameters for the Tacsonia species. Passiflora amazonica, P. huamachucoensis and P. trifoliata present a greater dissimilarity with the atypical climatic ranges according to the classification and ACP analysis. The modeling of the potential distribution allowed to establish three ultra-diverse zones in the department of Amazonas, La Libertad, Cajamarca, Huánuco, Pasco, Junín, Huancavelica and Cusco with a range of probability of occurrence between 8 to 13 species. Peru is the second country with the highest species richness of Tacsonia and due to the degree of threat, in situ conservation strategies are urgent in protected areas and ex situ in institutional collections in genebanks so that this biological wealth can be maintained for future generations. Additionally, greater knowledge, use and promotion of these genetic resources will allow a better economic development of the communities of the Andean region and of the country.
The genus Passiflora L. with about 610 species is economically the most important of the Passifloraceae family for its food, medicinal and ornamental use. Colombia, Brazil, and Peru are the countries with the greatest diversity of species, distributed from the coastal areas to the Andean mountains at the limits of páramos and punas at 4,100 m a.s.l. In the tropical Andes from Bolivia to Venezuela the supersection Tacsonia (subgenus Passiflora) is exclusively distributed with 65 inventoried species and with high potential. The Peruvian Andes are one of the main areas of distribution and richness of Tacsonia species, mostly characterized by having edible fruits and pendulous flowers with hypanthia that can reach up to 14 cm in length. Despite this, the species have been little studied and documented, while the alterations to their habitats are being degraded and putting the disappearance of this biological resource at risk. The goal of this research was to study the diversity, distribution and conservation status of the supersection Tacsonia of the genus Passiflora in Peru through herbarium, literature and field information. The conservation status for each species was established following the IUCN criteria and categories with the help of the GeoCAT platform. The geographic distribution and climate modeling (Bioclim) were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and classification (neighbour joining) with the help of the DivaGIS software. The results of the inventory with 1,237 records allowed the identification of 24 species belonging seven sections (Boliviana, Trifoliata, x Inkea, Insignes, Manicata, Tacsonia and Elkea) to Peru, representing 37% of the total diversity of Tacsonia, which are distributed in 19 departments between 1,500 to 4,100 m a.s.l. Likewise, 12 species have an exclusive distribution for the Peruvian territory and can be considered endemic, such as P. amazonica, P. weigendii, P. peduncularis, P. salpoense, P. kuethiana, P. runa, P. trifoliata, P. anastomosans, P. huamachucoensis, P. parvifolia, P. lanceolata y P. weberbaueri. On the other hand, the greatest richness of species is concentrated in the departments of Cusco (14 spp.), Junín (11 spp.), La Libertad and Amazonas (10 spp.), and 83% of the species are distributed between 2,500 and 3,500 m a.s.l. In addition, 25% of the species are used as a food resource and P. tripartita and P. tarminiana commonly called tumbos stand out. The other ethnobotanical uses are related as a medicinal plant (17%) in infusions of its leaves and ornamental for the striking color of its flowers (17%). The conservation status showed that 100% of the species have some degree of threat with 8% Vulnerable (VU), 71% Endangered (EN) and 21% Critically Endangered (CR). The bioclimatic analysis established that the average temperature and precipitation of 831 mm/year and 12.3 ºC are the preferential parameters for the Tacsonia species. Passiflora amazonica, P. huamachucoensis and P. trifoliata present a greater dissimilarity with the atypical climatic ranges according to the classification and ACP analysis. The modeling of the potential distribution allowed to establish three ultra-diverse zones in the department of Amazonas, La Libertad, Cajamarca, Huánuco, Pasco, Junín, Huancavelica and Cusco with a range of probability of occurrence between 8 to 13 species. Peru is the second country with the highest species richness of Tacsonia and due to the degree of threat, in situ conservation strategies are urgent in protected areas and ex situ in institutional collections in genebanks so that this biological wealth can be maintained for future generations. Additionally, greater knowledge, use and promotion of these genetic resources will allow a better economic development of the communities of the Andean region and of the country.
Description
Keywords
Mapeo de biodiversidad, Passiflora, Modelado climático, SIG, Recursos
fitogenéticos, Riqueza, Frutas tropicales