Capacidad biorremediadora de especies de Trichoderma para la eliminación de cadmio en Theobroma cacao L.
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Date
2025
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Universidad Nacional de Trujillo
Abstract
En la región de Amazonas, el cacao, es la principal fuente de ingresos económicos, especialmente de los pequeños agricultores de las provincias de Bagua, Utcubamba y Condorcanqui. Actualmente, este cultivo enfrenta una serie de problemas, entre los que destaca la presencia de metales pesados como el cadmio (Cd) en el suelo, el cual puede ser captado por la planta y traslocado a la parte aérea (hojas, tallos y semillas) y cuando exceden los límites sanitarios permitidos perjudica seriamente el comercio y exportación de cacao. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad biorremediadora de 12 cepas de 4 especies de Trichoderma. Las cepas fueron evaluadas en cuanto a su eficacia para eliminar cadmio en soluciones acuosas, bioacumulación en la biomasa y la capacidad biorremediadora en suelos contaminados con cadmio. Los resultados mostraron variaciones significativas entre las 12 cepas indistintamente de la especie y concentraciones. La mayor eficacia para la eliminación de cadmio se obtuvo para la cepa UCF18-M1 de Trichoderma afroharzianum a una concentración de 100 ppm, mientras que la mayor bioacumulación se dio para la cepa BLPF1-C1 de T. orientale. En el ensayo in vivo se evidenció que las cepas UCPF2-C1 y UCF17-M4 de T.reesei y T. longibrachiatum respectivamente, mostraron capacidad para reducir el cadmio en el suelo y así su acumulación en la planta. Esta investigación demuestra el potencial de las especies de Trichoderma como solución sostenible para mitigar la contaminación por cadmio en el cultivo del cacao, allanando el camino para mejorar la salud del suelo y la resiliencia económica de la región.
ABSTRACT In the Amazonas region, cocoa is the main source of economic income, especially for small farmers in the provinces of Bagua, Utcubamba and Condorcanqui. Currently, this crop faces a series of problems, among which the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) in the soil stands out, which can be captured by the plant and translocated to the aerial part (leaves, stems and seeds) and when they exceed the permitted sanitary limits, it seriously harms the trade and export of cocoa. The objective of this work was to evaluate the bioremediation capacity of 12 strains of 4 species of Trichoderma. The strains were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing cadmium in aqueous solutions, bioaccumulation in biomass, and bioremediation capacity in cadmium-contaminated soils. The results showed significant variations between the 12 strains regardless of species and concentrations. The highest efficiency for cadmium removal was obtained for the UCF18-M1 strain of Trichoderma afroharzianum at a concentration of 100 ppm, while the highest bioaccumulation was obtained for the BLPF1-C1 strain of T. orientale. In the in vivo test, it was evident that the strains UCPF2-C1 and UCF17-M4 of T.reesei and T. longibrachiatum, respectively, showed the ability to reduce cadmium in the soil and thus its accumulation in the plant. This research demonstrates the potential of Trichoderma species as a sustainable solution to mitigate cadmium contamination in cocoa cultivation, paving the way to improve soil health and economic resilience of the region.
ABSTRACT In the Amazonas region, cocoa is the main source of economic income, especially for small farmers in the provinces of Bagua, Utcubamba and Condorcanqui. Currently, this crop faces a series of problems, among which the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) in the soil stands out, which can be captured by the plant and translocated to the aerial part (leaves, stems and seeds) and when they exceed the permitted sanitary limits, it seriously harms the trade and export of cocoa. The objective of this work was to evaluate the bioremediation capacity of 12 strains of 4 species of Trichoderma. The strains were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing cadmium in aqueous solutions, bioaccumulation in biomass, and bioremediation capacity in cadmium-contaminated soils. The results showed significant variations between the 12 strains regardless of species and concentrations. The highest efficiency for cadmium removal was obtained for the UCF18-M1 strain of Trichoderma afroharzianum at a concentration of 100 ppm, while the highest bioaccumulation was obtained for the BLPF1-C1 strain of T. orientale. In the in vivo test, it was evident that the strains UCPF2-C1 and UCF17-M4 of T.reesei and T. longibrachiatum, respectively, showed the ability to reduce cadmium in the soil and thus its accumulation in the plant. This research demonstrates the potential of Trichoderma species as a sustainable solution to mitigate cadmium contamination in cocoa cultivation, paving the way to improve soil health and economic resilience of the region.
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Keywords
Trichoderma, Suelos contaminados, Biorremediación, Cadmio, Cacao